164 Splitter Insertion Loss
The typical insertion loss for a 1×64 optical splitter ranges from approximately 19 to 22 dB, depending on splitter type and excess loss.
Understanding Insertion Loss
Insertion loss (IL) of an optical splitter is the total optical power loss from the input to a single output port. It includes:
- Splitting loss: The theoretical loss due to dividing the input power among multiple outputs. For a 1×N splitter, the ideal splitting loss is calculated as 10 × log₁₀(N) dB. For a 1×64 splitter, this gives 10 × log₁₀(64) ≈ 18 dB .
- Excess loss: Additional loss caused by imperfections such as fusion splices, core misalignment, or internal coupler inefficiencies. Typical excess loss for PLC splitters ranges from 0.5 to 2 dB, while FBT splitters may have slightly higher values at large split ratios . The total insertion loss is the sum of the ideal splitting loss and the excess loss. Therefore, for a 1×64 PLC splitter: Total IL ≈ 18 dB (splitting) + 1–2 dB (excess) ≈ 19–20 dB. For FBT splitters, it may reach 21–22 dB .
Practical Considerations
- Temperature stability: PLC splitters operate reliably from -40°C to 85°C, while FBT splitters are stable from -5°C to 75°C. Temperature variations can slightly affect insertion loss .
- Connector and splice losses: Additional losses from connectors or splices in the network should be included in the total link budget, typically 0.2–0.5 dB per connector and 0.05–0.15 dB per splice .
- Power budget planning: When designing a PON system, ensure that the received optical power at each ONU remains above the sensitivity threshold after accounting for the splitter insertion loss and other network losses .
Summary
For a 1×64 optical splitter:
- Ideal splitting loss: ~18 dB
- Excess loss: 1–2 dB (PLC), slightly higher for FBT
- Total insertion loss: ~19–22 dB
- Impact: Each output port receives significantly reduced optical power, so careful link budget planning is essential to maintain signal quality . This information helps network engineers select the appropriate splitter type and plan optical power distribution in high-split PON deployments.
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